Old-Time Ozark Customs of Pregnancy and Childbirth

August is the month that the most babies are born, so what better time to share a little folklore on the subject…

Divinations
~After a woman’s first baby was born the granny woman (midwife) would count the lumps in the umbilical cord to divine how many children the woman would have.
~If a woman’s first child was born in August, she was said to have many more.
~They used to say that if a baby is carried high, it will be a girl. If carried low, it would be a boy.

Pragnancy Taboos
~It’s was considered bad luck to make a cap for a baby before it was born, or to talk about the cap or the head of the baby- it would cause a difficult birth.
~It was once believed that children became “marked in the womb” by a sudden fright or other unexpected happening or disturbance experienced by the mother.
~Cravings during pregnancy were catered to so the baby would not receive a birthmark resembling the craved food.

Birthing Rituals
~The laboring woman’s head should be toward the north.
~In a difficult birth, the granny woman would put a sharp axe or plowpoint under the bed to symbolically “cut the pain”.
~If things were going wrong, the granny woman would dip all the blankets in hot water and hang them up around the bed.
~Spikenard (wild licorice) or sweet flag (acorus calamus) were herbs used to ease childbirth. Blackberry tea was used to speed up labor.

Arival and Recovery
~After the baby was born, a handful of chicken feathers were burned beneath the bed.
~The bed was not swept under, nor the ashes removed, until it was certain that the mother was fully recovered.
~It was believed that the afterbirth had to be buried for the mother to recover properly.

Babies
~If a newborn’s head is bathed in stump water, it will prevent baldness later in life.
~The newborn baby was carried three times around the the house. It was believed that this would keep the child from running away in the future, but also protect against sore eyes and colic.
~A baby and a cat cannot live together in the same house. This belief has a basis in the fact that babies have been smothered by cats, which had lain across them for warmth.
~Catnip tea was a common remedy for colic.
~Babies are irritable when the wind is in the northeast.
~Babies are best weaned in the (zodiac) signs of the heart, legs, knees, and thighs.

Sunday’s child is ne’er to want.
Monday’s child is fair in face.
Tuesday’s child is full of grace.
Wednesday’s child is woeful and sad.
Thursday’s child has a long way to go.
Friday’s child is loving and giving.
Saturday’s child will work hard for a living.

Old-timey Ozarks Beauty Treatments and Lore

Skin
~For rough skin and pimples, wash in dew, dew and buttermilk, or honey and buttermilk.
~Washing in Mayday rainwater clears up muddy complexions.
~To lighten skin, apply fresh tomato juice, or cucumber pulp scrub before going to bed.
~In addition to being a spring tonic, sassafras tea can be used as a rinse for the complexion.
~The best time for getting ears pierced is when the peach trees are in bloom, to avoid infection.

Hair
~Wild cherry bark, wild grape vine sap, and sage act as hair tonic/restorer, and sage also colors hair.
~Peach tree leaf tea with sulfur can cure dandruff.
~Flaxseed steeped in hot water can be used as a curling fluid.
~If you place a lock of your hair under a rock in a running stream, your hair will be glossy and attractive.
~For beautiful hair, bury a twist of it under a white walnut tree in the light of the moon.
~It is better to wait until hair is dry to comb it.  When it is wet, only untangle it with a wide-toothed comb.
~It is better to comb hair in natural light.
~Combing one’s hair after dark will cause the loss of memory or passion.  The saying goes: “Comb hair after dark, comb sorrow into you old man’s heart.”

Remnants of Paganism in Ozarks Culture

In piecing together an Ozark Pagan tradition, we can revive many things in the folklore that seem to have been remnants of Pagan belief systems. The fact that there was a distinct folk magic system is obvious, but as many would point out, magic doesn’t automatically mean Pagan. Yet there are only a few specifically Christian folk magic customs in Ozark lore. We can also see hints of an older spiritual tradition in the folklore as well…

A great deal of Ozark lore has to do with trees and tree magic. One has only to consult folklorist Vance Randolph’s book “Ozark Magic and Folklore” to find examples of this; magical use of pawpaw seeds, peg spells galore, divinatory use of persimmon seeds, and the continuation of the old world custom of tying “clooties” to trees. Many of the customs surrounding trees are apparently direct descendants of a Celtic heritage. Trees were a major religious symbol in both Celtic and Norse Pagan traditions.

“Some observers have thought they found a suggestion of tree worship, or something of the sort, in the Ozarker’s use of the masculine pronouns as applied to trees.” –Ozark Magic and Folklore

We have also inherited a lot of Ozark folk customs surrounding two Celtic holidays; Beltane (see my article titled Ozark May Day Customs) and Samhain (the Ozarks Dumb Supper being one example).

There are also many customs surrounding the phases of the moon, as I have written about in my article Ozark Moon Customs.

What we as Ozarkers can do is not let these customs die. They are part of our heritage and culture. Yes, many of them can and should be adapted and reinvented for modern times. There are also other things we can do to customize our Paganism to our culture. This land, these waters, have spirits with an identity of their own. By listening and observing we can know how best to honor them. Offerings given can and should be of food that grows here. We can celebrate the feast days according to the signs of our seasons; the life cycles of the plants and animals in our part of the world.

Ozark Love Charms/Magic

With Valentine’s day coming up, I thought I’d post a bit on what I know of traditional Ozark love magic. However, dear readers, I must also include a word of caution concerning love spells- they usually come back to bite you in the ass. Don’t say I didn’t warn you…

Various charms:
~A peach pit or cherry stone would be carved with initials or symbols and would sometimes contain a bit of specially made pink soap. This charm is worn on a necklace or garter.
~Orrisroot, worn around the neck, is another love charm.
~Wasps’ nests would be pinned to undergarments to attract men.
~A man’s hatband, secretly taken from him, and made into a garter, works as a love charm on the original owner of the hatband.
~Yellow garters are attraction charms and make a lover faithful. However, they are not to be worn by a married woman unless she is interested in another man.
~When my dad was growing up, young women would tie strips of their clothing (in particular, a torn off piece of undergarment, like a slip) to the branch of a pawpaw tree as a love charm.
~I’m not sure why, but one item of lore says to place dried turkey bones about the room to make someone you’re meeting there fall in love with you.

Ozark Aphrodisiacs:
Yarrow, lady slipper roots, dodder/love vine/angel’s hair, moccasin flower roots, and the leaves and stems of mistletoe were all considered “love medicine” a few generations ago in the Ozarks. I wouldn’t recommend taking any kind of herb for such recreational purposes– you might end up poisoning someone!

The Love Cure
So lets say despite all warnings, you tried a love spell and were successful- only to realize later that it was a mistake- you don’t much like this person after all. Or perhaps you have an unwanted suitor through no effort on your part. Don’t worry, just serve him/her a bowl of turnips and s/he will fall out of love with you.

Ozark New Year’s Day Traditions

It is a long standing tradition in the south to eat black eyed peas on New Year’s day. The specifics may vary from place to place in the south, but in the Ozarks, the peas are eaten with hog jowls and most commonly accompanied by collard greens and cornbread (not rice- that would make it “Hopin John”- which, although southern, is not an Ozarks thing.)

The reason most commonly given for why we eat black-eyed peas on New Year’s day is because the peas resemble coins, and so we are symbolically drawing in money when we eat them. Same with the greens- they are like the green of paper money. Before the association with paper money, greens may have been eaten to symbolize fertility and growth. Pigs are associated with prosperity and plenty for a number of reasons. Eating peas and other legumes on New Year’s day is an old and very wide spread custom. I think it may have been originally tied in with the worship of Carna- as Philippe Walter talks about in “Christianity: The Origins of a Pagan Religion”.

Other Ozarks traditions for the New Year include “first footing”- the belief that the first person to visit the home in the new year is key to the luck of the household- a dark-haired man being the most auspicious. Also- whatever you are doing on New Year’s day is what you will be doing all year long. It’s bad luck to wash on that day- surely you would wash someone out of your family. Whatever you do, good luck and Happy New Year!!

~~~

 I know a lot of people who don’t like black eyed peas, but who like them prepared in the following recipe:

Ozarks Caviar

2 (15-ounce) cans black-eyed peas, drained
½ cup vegetable oil
¼ cup cider vinegar
½ teaspoon salt
¼ teaspoon black pepper
1 clove garlic, peeled and minced
½ red onion, chopped
½ bell pepper, chopped

Place oil, vinegar, salt, and pepper in a canning jar, twist on a lid and shake. Place peas in a large bowl. Stir in garlic, onion and bell pepper. Pour over the vinegar mixture and stir. Cover and refrigerate for a day or so before serving. Serve chilled with saltine crackers, or use as a vegetable side dish.

It’s paw-paw time!

paw-paw1Right now there is the delicious aroma of paw-paws (also called Ozark bananas) filling my kitchen.  The taste is a cross between a banana and a mango, and they’re really good for you- a truly nourishing food.  Pawpaw trees grow wild in moist soil- they don’t usually grow very tall, and are often more of a bush or shrub.  When ripe, paw-paws are yellow with brown spots.  My dad used to wait until they were all the way brown to eat them- but by then they are way too ripe in my opinion.  Right now, the ripe ones are laying on the ground ready to eat, and some that are not all the way ripe, but loosening from the stem, can be picked and will ripen quickly on the kitchen counter.  I’ve read that green paw-paws can be eaten as a vegetable when green, but I haven’t tried that.  There’s all kinds of recipes paw-paws, in case you have so many paw-paws that you aren’t able to eat them all before they go bad- they do go bad fast.  You can store them a little while in the fridge, but chilling them to below 40 can change their flavor- though the pulp can be frozen with good results, but it’s better to freeze them quickly.  You don’t want to heat them too hot either, that destroys the flavor- but cakes and breads are good.  Use your recipe for banana bread to make paw-paw bread.  

In the Ozarks, the paw-paw is considered a very magical tree.  It’s been used in love spells in so many peg spells, and for protection and revenge.  Even paw-paw seeds have been used for magic (they have lots of big seeds).  I think the reason it’s been used in love spells is because the fruit seems so exotic and smells so intoxicatingly good.  As for revenge (the seeds were thrown into coffins to insure revenge for a murder)- I think this was to make a paw-paw tree grow over the murderer’s grave… the flower of the paw-paw tree has the odor of rotting flesh.  The reason behind paw-paw trees being used in protection magic may somehow be related to the fact that the bark and wood of the tree are natural insecticides. 

My dearly departed dad use to sing this song to me:

Where oh where is dear little Johnny? 
Where oh where is dear little Johnny? 
Where oh where is dear little Johnny? 
-Way down yonder in the paw-paw patch.
Common girls, let’s go find him. 
Common girls, let’s go find him. 
Common girls, let’s go find him. 
-Way down yonder in the paw-paw patch.
Pickin up paw-paws, put ‘em in yer pocket. 
Pickin up paw-paws, put ‘em in yer pocket. 
Pickin up paw-paws, put ‘em in yer pocket. 
-Way down yonder in the paw-paw patch.

     

 

okra

okraWhen I was growing up, every year we went to a family reunion for my dad’s side of the family.  We drove way out to this place in the middle of nowhere that was kind of a cave-like picnic area with a natural spring.  This is where we had the reunion for years and years, and every year I heard the old men talk on an on about … okra.  Yes, okra.  “How’s yer okra doin’?” is how it would always start out.  Then they would talk about, well, how their okra crop was doing, if they’d canned any, etc.  It was very boring conversation yes, but I do love okra. Something I’ve always wondered is why those restaurants that serve “country-style” food, serve the okra individually batter-dipped and deep fried.  This is the way my dad made fried okra:  rinse and chop up fresh okra into small chunks.  Mix up a breading that’s part flour, part cornmeal, and plenty of salt and pepper.  Mix up the okra in it and fry in a skillet with hot grease until okra is tender and browned.  The okra isn’t completely coated with the breading, but rather, there are lots of crumbs- the breading is loose, so you scoop up your okra to eat it instead of having little individual chunks of okra.  That may sound strange, but it is better this way, and I believe, more traditional. 
By the way, the food in the photo is salmon cakes, roasted potatoes, Cherokee Purple tomatoes, and fried okra.

Ozark Moon Customs

In Ozark lore there is the belief that if you see the moon ‘clear of brush’ for the first time in that moon cycle, you should kiss your hand 3 times and you will receive money before the moon changes phases.  Perhaps this is a remnant of a widespread ancient Pagan moon ritual, because  the Bible forbids “kissing one’s hand to the moon” (Job 31:26-27) and there probably wouldn‘t be a prohibition against it if it wasn‘t a Pagan custom. 

Another Ozark belief is that a woman who happens to get her first glimpse of the new moon clear of brush is lucky.  To see the new moon through the leafy branches of a tree is bad luck for the entire month.  Clearly, this is a remnant of Pagan tradition- the importance of the moon was preserved in this folk belief so that the custom of greeting the moon without obstacle could be carried on.
There is also a bit of Ozark lore concerning the moon and silver coins- when you first glimpse the waxing crescent moon, turn over a coin in your pocket for good luck.  Also, touch a silver coin, or wear silver coin jewelry while looking at the moon, for prosperity.  I think this may also be a clue to the earlier moon rites of pagan times. 

These customs are like ‘mini rituals’, but can also be combined and elaborated on to form a more fleshed-out moon ceremony.  These customs could be combined with folkways from an older ancestry, like song prayers from by the Carmina Gadelica, for example.   Or this song, inspired by the Carmina Gadelica, by Lisa Thiel:

“Jewel of the Night”

Hail to thee o Jewel of the Night- Hail to thee o Lady of the Heavens
Hail to thee o Jewel of the Night- Hail to thee o Queen of the Stars
Hail to thee o Jewel of the Night- Hail to thee o Mother of the Worlds
Hail to thee.

O thou fair Moon of the Heavens
O thou luminous lamp of grace
She who made thee created me likewise
Thou Queen-maiden of loveliness.
O thou Queen-maiden of virtue
Thou Queen-maiden of radiance
Thou glorious jewel that shines through the ages
Though glorious jewel that shines through all.

Raising Kids Ozark-Celtic Pagan

To raise one’s children in any particular belief system, that belief system must be part of everyday family life.  You should already know the lore and be practicing the customs that you want to be passing on.  Children learn best by inclusion.  It is a much more natural, holistic approach than “teaching”.  Live the positive aspects of your culture.  This gives your child and your family a strong sense of identity and place in the world.  Your family’s traditions can be a lifelong source of comfort and happy memories, and hopefully will continue to be passed down.  Here are a few ideas:

Spend a lot of time with your kids.  Children need both quality and quantity time with parents.  Let them know that no matter what you will always love them.  Attachment parenting builds strong bonds.  Family is everything.

Spend time in the natural world; gardening, hiking, foraging, exploring Nature.  Foraging and hunting are time honored Ozark customs.  Tell them the names of all the local plants, and which wild plants are good to eat.  Model a reverent attitude toward Nature.  Explain the concept of the Three Realms.   

Tell stories; fairytales, folktales, and myths, from the cultures of the ancestors (and about the ancestors, themselves).  If you can, tell these from memory, instead of reading from books.  As I’ve said before, it makes much more of an impact if told instead of read.  You and your children won’t really know the culture and mindset of the ancestors until you know the lore.  In Celtic culture, it is traditional  to only tell stories at night and in the dark half of the year.

Sing!  It doesn’t matter if you think you can’t sing.  My dad couldn’t sing and he knew it.  You think that stopped him?  I’ll always remember the folksongs he sang as we drove down dirt roads in his old truck.  Keep alive the traditional old fashioned folk songs.  When my older kids were little they liked The Paw Paw Patch: Favorite Children’s Songs by Phil Rosenthal (this CD has some of the songs my dad used to sing),  and So Early in the Morning: Irish Children’s Songs, Rhymes & Games by the Clancy Children, just to name a couple.  Make up new songs, in the spirit of those traditions, that convey both your culture and beliefs.  Also, some of the universally known chants of the modern Pagan movement are applicable to Ozark-Celtic Pagan worldview.  Some of the ADF chants are excellent as well.  Music adds a higher dimension to life and can be used to aid the memory.  Daily devotions and prayers can be done in song; check out Invocation of the Graces by Lisa Theil for examples inspired by the Carmina Gadelica.  Also, introduce vocabulary words from ancestral languages through story and song.

Get the kids involved in celebrating the Feast Days.  There are lots of simple traditional crafts, foods, and customs that go along with each holiday- you can find many of them in books like Mara Freeman’s Kindling the Celtic Spirit.  You need not have an elborate ritual.  It is better if your customs are your rituals- you need only add a few simple words to honor the spirits, like some of the (less Christianized) prayers from the Carmina Gadelica.

If you don’t already, keep a family shrine, or shrines.  (In honor of the family’s deities, ancestors, nature spirits.)  This can be either indoors or out, simple or elaborate.  If you have a hearth, the mantle would be a perfect place for this. Make offerings on a regular basis, and consider giving your kids a specific role (like being the one to place the offerings on the altar).  When kids are older, their involvement may increase, and they may want to set up their own shrines in their room.

Use Celtic triads to teach values.  You might want to have your kids memorize a triad a week.  You could make bookmarks with triads on them, or have your kids decorate a poster on which you have written important triads.

Model a tolerant and respectful attitude toward other cultures and religions- it might not be a bad idea to atend a UU fellowship from time to time.

Thoughts on Ozark Paganism

In an earlier post, I talked about how I’ve been pondering how to create a Pagan tradition that honors all my ancestors and draws inspiration from my culture, Ozark culture.  As I have mentioned, I have found that Ozark culture is an amalgam of the cultures that came together to create it, people of Scots-Irish, English, and German descent, often including some Native American ancestry.  Well, I’ve come up with something, but my approach to this is kind of simple, and it may not be what other people would choose for their approach, so just bear in mind this is a personal gnosis, and one family’s tradition.  Many people may not agree with me, but I believe that the culture of the American south, including the Ozarks, was influenced the most by Celtic culture, as Grady McWhiney illustrates in the book “Cracker Culture: Celtic Ways in the Old South”.  So, my idea of Ozark Paganism is mainly Celtic at it’s core (with a bit of Norse syncretism), with aspects of Ozark folk culture harmoniously living alongside and intertwined.  Little by little, I hope to show you what I mean.

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